Modules: Difference between revisions
(Add example for predicate logic.) |
(→Predicates and their arguments: Adding Eberban as an example of predicate-only syntax.) |
||
(3 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown) | |||
Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
* Provide software for working with these components. | * Provide software for working with these components. | ||
== Modular Language Architecture == | == Related Work == | ||
There are a number of existing [https://www.frathwiki.com/Software_tools_for_conlanging software tools for constructed languages]. Some of these include related input datasets, such as vocabulary. | |||
This project differs from these existing tools, because it is focused on producing logical languages. | |||
Some functions, such as generating word morphologies (absent of meaning), are largely arbitrary decisions and do not need to be done differently for logical languages (although we wouldn't want to prevent a logical language from controlling word morphologies more closely). | |||
Some functions, like providing an explicit mapping to a semantic foundation, are a key focus for logical languages. This will need to be a focus of software tooling specific to logical languages. | |||
== Modular Logical Language Architecture == | |||
* Morphology | * Morphology | ||
Line 55: | Line 65: | ||
*; Syllabary | *; Syllabary | ||
*; Logography | *; Logography | ||
* Structure | |||
*; Linear text | |||
*; Cognitive Maps | |||
==== Verbal ==== | ==== Verbal ==== | ||
Line 62: | Line 76: | ||
*: Different rules for how a phonology can be assembled into words. | *: Different rules for how a phonology can be assembled into words. | ||
==== Gestures ==== | |||
* Gesture System | |||
*: [[wikipedia:Sign_language|Sign language]] or [[wikipedia:Manually_coded_language|Hand gestures]] could replace or supplement verbal communication. | |||
*; [[wikipedia:Manual_alphabet|Hand gesture alphabet]] | |||
*; Hand gesture logography (signs) | |||
=== Vocabulary === | === Vocabulary === | ||
Line 67: | Line 86: | ||
Not attached to specific phonological forms | Not attached to specific phonological forms | ||
Different vocabulary module instances could incorporate different philosophies, such as world view for constructing composites - have a word for 'tooth', or use a compound like 'mouth-stone'? | Different vocabulary module instances could incorporate different philosophies, such as world view for constructing composites - have a word for 'tooth', or use a compound like 'mouth-stone'? | ||
* Vocabulary for Opposites | |||
*; One word per dimension, use negation | |||
*: Smaller, more atomic vocabulary. | |||
*:* ''happy'' vs ''unhappy'' | |||
*:* [[Lojban]]: ''gleki'' vs ''tolgleki'' | |||
*; One word per dimension direction | |||
*:* ''happy'' vs ''sad'' | |||
*:* [[Lojban]]: ''gleki'' vs ''badri'' | |||
*: (Note: it may be debatable that happiness and sadness are opposites, for this example, assume they are) | |||
* Vocabulary for Intensities | |||
*; Multiple words for different intensities | |||
*:* ''happy'' vs ''elated'' vs ''ecstatic'' | |||
*; Modifier for different intensities | |||
*:* ''happy'' vs ''very happy'' vs ''extremely happy'' | |||
*: (Note: you may need to ignore some connotations for these examples to fit better) | |||
=== Syntax === | === Syntax === | ||
Line 83: | Line 119: | ||
*: no arguments are exposed; predicates are implicitly connected with quantified variables | *: no arguments are exposed; predicates are implicitly connected with quantified variables | ||
*:* <code>man₁ = see₁; see₂ = cat₁</code> | *:* <code>man₁ = see₁; see₂ = cat₁</code> | ||
*:* [[Eberban]] | |||
* Ad-hoc predicate composition | * Ad-hoc predicate composition | ||
*; Serial predicates | *; Serial predicates | ||
Line 114: | Line 151: | ||
*; Predicate Logic | *; Predicate Logic | ||
*:* [[Toaq]]<ref>http://toaq.org/#predicates</ref> | *:* [[Toaq]]<ref>http://toaq.org/#predicates</ref> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> | <references /> |
Latest revision as of 11:16, 10 March 2022
Goals of the Logical Language Modules Project
Build a Library of Logical Language Modular Components and Tools.
These components should aim to:
- A full logical language can be assembled wholly or partly from existing modules.
- Innovators can focus on developing a new module rather than a whole language.
- Enumerate the design space of Logical Languages.
- Provide alternate modules for different design choices.
- Describe modules' strengths, weaknesses, and compatibility.
- Do not apply value judgements or advocate for any particular option.
- Be systematic and well documented.
- A method or a choice without documented justification will be lost.
- Provide software for working with these components.
Related Work
There are a number of existing software tools for constructed languages. Some of these include related input datasets, such as vocabulary.
This project differs from these existing tools, because it is focused on producing logical languages.
Some functions, such as generating word morphologies (absent of meaning), are largely arbitrary decisions and do not need to be done differently for logical languages (although we wouldn't want to prevent a logical language from controlling word morphologies more closely).
Some functions, like providing an explicit mapping to a semantic foundation, are a key focus for logical languages. This will need to be a focus of software tooling specific to logical languages.
Modular Logical Language Architecture
- Morphology
- Written
- Writing System
- Verbal
- Phonotactics
- Phonology
- Phonotactics
- Written
- Vocabulary
- Syntax
- Predicates and Arguments
- Numbers and Counting
- Semantic Foundation
Module Design Space and Features
Morphology
- Self-segmentation strategies
- Continuation marker
- certain feature or features of a syllable is used to determine if it is a continuation of the previous word
- Sentinel value
- programming concept: special predetermined value as a signal for termination
- Relation between Written and Verbal
Written
- Writing System
- Alphabet
- Syllabary
- Logography
- Structure
- Linear text
- Cognitive Maps
Verbal
- Phonology
- Different sets of phonemes which can be used.
- Phonotactics
- Different rules for how a phonology can be assembled into words.
Gestures
- Gesture System
- Sign language or Hand gestures could replace or supplement verbal communication.
- Hand gesture alphabet
- Hand gesture logography (signs)
Vocabulary
Provides set of non-core/non-syntactic/non-structural words with defined meanings Not attached to specific phonological forms Different vocabulary module instances could incorporate different philosophies, such as world view for constructing composites - have a word for 'tooth', or use a compound like 'mouth-stone'?
- Vocabulary for Opposites
- One word per dimension, use negation
- Smaller, more atomic vocabulary.
- happy vs unhappy
- Lojban: gleki vs tolgleki
- One word per dimension direction
-
- happy vs sad
- Lojban: gleki vs badri
- (Note: it may be debatable that happiness and sadness are opposites, for this example, assume they are)
- Vocabulary for Intensities
- Multiple words for different intensities
-
- happy vs elated vs ecstatic
- Modifier for different intensities
-
- happy vs very happy vs extremely happy
- (Note: you may need to ignore some connotations for these examples to fit better)
Syntax
Predicates and their arguments
- Sentence functions
- Predicate–argument
- predicates, together with arguments, form predications; both must be present (at least implicitly)
see(man, cat)
- present in most logical languages
- Predicate–variable
- predicates only accept variable labels as terms; these, in turn, can be bound by quantifier expressions and restricted with subsequent predicate clauses
- Predicate
- no arguments are exposed; predicates are implicitly connected with quantified variables
man₁ = see₁; see₂ = cat₁
- Eberban
- Ad-hoc predicate composition
- Serial predicates
- the embedding of one predicate's structure inside another
- Compound metaphors
- predicate apposition as modification of one predicate's meaning by the other's
- Lojban has a highly developed appositional tanru grammar
Numbers and counting
- Representation
- Numerals as a part of speech
- numbers constitute a separate grammatical class
- Composition
- Usage
- As quantifiers
- numbers attach to terms and scope over the predicate, signifying how many possible values of the term satisfy the predicate
- Lojban: ci da (lit. ‘three something’) = ‘there exist exactly three things that…’[15]. Lojban has an extensive assortment of number grammar particles which allow to construct more elaborate quantifications: for example, su'o (pa) ‘at least one’ for ∃, ro ‘all’ for ∀, or even things like da'a su'e rau ‘all but at most enough’.
Semantic Foundations
References
- ↑ http://toaq.org/#compound_predicates
- ↑ https://mw.lojban.org/papri/X-1#Morphology
- ↑ https://lojban.github.io/cll/4/3/
- ↑ https://lojban.github.io/cll/4/8/
- ↑ https://mw.lojban.org/papri/BPFK_Section:_cmevla
- ↑ https://lojban.github.io/cll/19/10/
- ↑ https://lojban.github.io/cll/3/1/
- ↑ https://mw.lojban.org/papri/audio-visual_isomorphism
- ↑ https://mw.lojban.org/papri/X-1#Sample
- ↑ http://toaq.org/#serial_predicates
- ↑ http://www.jfcarter.net/~jimc/guaspi/acmpaper.html
- ↑ https://mw.lojban.org/papri/User:Gleki/turtau
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 https://lojban.github.io/cll/18/2/
- ↑ http://toaq.org/#numbers
- ↑ https://lojban.github.io/cll/6/6/
- ↑ http://toaq.org/#predicates